Biology Minor Requirements
2024 - 2025 Catalog
We have the following degrees:
- Animal Biology minor
- Ecology minor
- Molecular/Cell Biology minor
- Physiology minor
- Quantitative Biology minor
Animal Biology minor
A minor in Animal Biology requires completion of 7 courses as follows. A student may not complete a minor in biology with either a major in biology or a major in neuroscience. In meeting the requirements of this discipline-based minor, a student may not use more than nine credits that are also used to meet the requirements of another major or minor. Sample 200- and 300-level graded work must be collected into a portfolio for assessment upon completion of the course requirements before a minor will be approved by the department.
1. Required courses: BIOL 111, 113
2. Zoology: BIOL 240, 244S, 245S, or 247S
3. Animal behavior: BIOL 243
4. Field biology: one course chosen from BIOL 241, 242, and, when appropriate, 297
5. Evolution: BIOL 340 or 340S
6. Structure related to function: BIOL 261S, 355 or 362
- Required courses
- BIOL 111 - Fundamentals of Biology
FDR SL Lab Science Distribution Credits 3 Prerequisite CHEM 110 and first year standing. Upper division students must request an eligibility override Corequisite BIOL 113 - Biology Laboratory An intensive investigation of scientific thought and communication applied to topics that vary among sections and terms. Specific subjects, chosen from within the scope of modern biological investigation according to the expertise of individual instructors, are examined in the context of major concepts such as evolution, regulation, growth, and metabolism. Suitable for First-Years interested in pursuing a major in biology, neuroscience or environmental studies or the pre-health curriculum. This course, and its companion laboratory (BIOL 113), are prerequisites for all higher level biology courses.
- BIOL 113 - Biology Laboratory
FDR SL Lab Science Distribution Credits 1 Prerequisite CHEM 110 and first year standing. Upper division students must request an eligibility override Corequisite BIOL 111 - Fundamentals of Biology A laboratory course to accompany BIOL 111. Students are trained in basic techniques of biological research by demonstrations and investigatory exercises, including data analysis and scientific communication. Limited seating available for sophomores, juniors, and seniors. All students should contact the Biology department, for consent as soon as the class schedule is available and before registration begins.
- Zoology
- BIOL 240 - Comparative Animal Biology
FDR SC Science, Math, CS Distribution Credits 4 Prerequisite BIOL 111 and BIOL 113 Form and function of animals with emphasis on evolution and ecology of major invertebrate and vertebrate groups. Laboratory course.
or
- BIOL 240S - Zoology at St. Andrews
FDR SC Science, Math, CS Distribution Credits 6 Prerequisite instructor consent A study of zoology with emphasis on the evolution of diversity through adaptive radiation and strategies for existence among the major animal groups, from simplest to most complex forms. No more than four credits may be counted toward the major in biology. Taught at the University of St. Andrews in Scotland with final grade assigned by W&L biology faculty. Laboratory course.
- BIOL 244S - Invertebrate Zoology at St. Andrews
FDR SC Science, Math, CS Distribution Credits 6 Prerequisite instructor consent This course surveys the major invertebrate groups from an evolutionary perspective, emphasizing the diversity of body plans while demonstrating how common functional requirements such as feeding, respiration, excretion, and reproduction are achieved. The economic, social, and scientific impact that invertebrates have on human society is identified. Practical exercises reinforce and complement the lectures in this course. Taught at the University of St. Andrews in Scotland with final grade assigned by W&L biology faculty. No more than four credits may be counted toward the major in biology. Laboratory course.
- BIOL 245S - Ecology at St Andrews
Credits 3 Prerequisite An average grade of at least 3.0 in BIOL 111 and 113, a 3.000 cumulative GPA, and permission of the Department of Biology Basic concepts in population and community ecology and how they relate to biodiversity. Fundamental ecological concepts covered include population regulation, intra- and inter-specific competition, species niches, taxonomic and functional diversity.
or
- BIOL 247S - Vertebrate Zoology at St. Andrews
Credits 3 Prerequisite An average grade of at least 3.0 in BIOL 111 and 113, a 3.000 cumulative GPA, and consent of the Department of Biology This course explores the diversity of vertebrate animals, beginning with the closest relatives of vertebrates and the evolutionary origins of the group. A detailed look at the defining characteristics of the body plans and lifestyles of the key vertebrate groups illustrate how they carry out basic animal functions in similar or different ways. This is put in an evolutionary context to reveal the patterns and trends in the vertebrates as a whole, while also highlighting current phylogenetic controversies. The module then explores some common themes across the key groups, starting with the developmental biology of some vertebrate model systems and the lessons we can learn from these. We also see how the highly developed brains of vertebrates have allowed the evolution of astonishing sensory capacities and of complex behaviors, and how these are different (or not) from invertebrates.
- Animal behavior
- BIOL 243 - Animal Behavior
Credits 4 Prerequisite BIOL 111 and BIOL 113 An introduction to the scientific study of animal behavior, including exploration of the evolutionary basis of behavior and examination of how animals choose mates, defend territories, find food, and avoid predators. Field and laboratory exercises focus on testing hypotheses through experiments with a variety of animals, including fish, amphibians, birds, and humans. Laboratory course.
- Field biology: one course chosen from
- BIOL 241 - Field Ornithology
FDR SL Lab Science Distribution Credits 4 Prerequisite BIOL 111 and BIOL 113 This course integrates studies of bird biology with field observation and identification of local bird species. Topics covered include anatomy, taxonomy, reproduction, vocalization, migration, ecology, and evolution. Field trips to a variety of areas throughout Virginia emphasize identification skills and basic field research techniques.
- BIOL 242 - Field Herpetology
Credits 4 Prerequisite BIOL 111 or ENV 110 Field Herpetology is a research-based course on the ecology and behavior of amphibians and reptiles. Research projects vary from year-to-year and are designed to give students plenty of time on the field and exposure to a diverse assortment of amphibian and reptile species. Students should be prepared for hiking off-trail, wading in swamps, and catching live animals.
and, when appropriate,
- BIOL 297 - Topics in Biology
Credits 3-4 Intermediate-level biology topics. Topics vary with instructor and term. Repeatable for credit if topics are different. Prerequisites vary with topic.
- Evolution
- BIOL 340 - Evolution
Credits 3 Prerequisite BIOL 200-level course and either a Biology major or Bioengineering major An examination of the evidence for evolution and the mechanisms by which evolution occurs.
- BIOL 340S - Evolutionary Biology at St. Andrews
Credits 3 Prerequisite instructor consent An introduction to the theory and processes of evolution, emphasizing the scientific approach to the study of evolutionary phenomena. Topics include the significance of character variation within and between species, basic evolutionary genetics, speciation, evolution in predator-prey systems, evolution of sex, behavioral systems, and human evolution. No more than four credits may be counted toward the major in biology. Taught at the University of St. Andrews in Scotland with final grade assigned by W&L biology faculty. Laboratory course.
- Structure related to function
- BIOL 261S - Comparative Physiology at St. Andrews
Credits 3 Prerequisite instructor consent Students study organisms in order to explore the origins and nature of physiological diversity. The course covers the principles of physiological adaptation In a range of animals, including examples from all major taxa and from all habitats.
- BIOL 355 - Microanatomy
Credits 4 Prerequisite BIOL 220 and either a Biology major, Integrated Engineering - Biology track major, or Neuroscience major A study of the normal microscopic structure of the mammalian body with emphasis placed on structural and functional correlations. Laboratory work includes the study of prepared tissue and the preparation of tissues for microscopy. Laboratory course.
- BIOL 362 - Animal Physiology
Credits 4 Prerequisite BIOL 220 and at least junior class standing A comparative study of functional processes of animals, primarily vertebrates, and their environmental interactions. Laboratory emphasis is on functional adaptations and the use of physiological instrumentation in measuring functional processes. Laboratory course.
Ecology minor
A minor in Ecology requires completion of 7 courses as follows. A student may not complete a minor in biology with either a major in biology or a major in neuroscience. In meeting the requirements of this discipline-based minor, a student may not use more than nine credits that are also used to meet the requirements of another major or minor. Sample 200- and 300-level graded work must be collected into a portfolio for assessment upon completion of the course requirements before a minor will be approved by the department.
1. Required courses: BIOL 111, 113
2. Cell biology or evolution: one course chosen from BIOL 220, 340 or 340S
3. Ecology: BIOL 217, 245 or 245S
4. Field biology: one course chosen from BIOL 229, 241, 242, and, when appropriate, 297
5. Plant physiology or animal behavior: BIOL 225 or 243
6. Advanced level: one course chosen from BIOL 322, 325, 330 or 332
- Required courses
- BIOL 111 - Fundamentals of Biology
FDR SL Lab Science Distribution Credits 3 Prerequisite CHEM 110 and first year standing. Upper division students must request an eligibility override Corequisite BIOL 113 - Biology Laboratory An intensive investigation of scientific thought and communication applied to topics that vary among sections and terms. Specific subjects, chosen from within the scope of modern biological investigation according to the expertise of individual instructors, are examined in the context of major concepts such as evolution, regulation, growth, and metabolism. Suitable for First-Years interested in pursuing a major in biology, neuroscience or environmental studies or the pre-health curriculum. This course, and its companion laboratory (BIOL 113), are prerequisites for all higher level biology courses.
- BIOL 113 - Biology Laboratory
FDR SL Lab Science Distribution Credits 1 Prerequisite CHEM 110 and first year standing. Upper division students must request an eligibility override Corequisite BIOL 111 - Fundamentals of Biology A laboratory course to accompany BIOL 111. Students are trained in basic techniques of biological research by demonstrations and investigatory exercises, including data analysis and scientific communication. Limited seating available for sophomores, juniors, and seniors. All students should contact the Biology department, for consent as soon as the class schedule is available and before registration begins.
- Cell biology or evolution: one course chosen from
- BIOL 220 - Genetics
FDR SL Lab Science Distribution Credits 3 Prerequisite BIOL 111, 113, and either sophomore or junior class standing A study of the three main branches of modern genetics: 1) Mendelian genetics, the study of the transmission of traits from one generation to the next; 2) molecular genetics, a study of the chemical structure of genes and how they operate at the molecular level; and 3) population genetics, the study of the variation of genes between and within populations. This course is a prerequisite to most 300-level courses in biology.
- BIOL 340 - Evolution
Credits 3 Prerequisite BIOL 200-level course and either a Biology major or Bioengineering major An examination of the evidence for evolution and the mechanisms by which evolution occurs.
- BIOL 340S - Evolutionary Biology at St. Andrews
Credits 3 Prerequisite instructor consent An introduction to the theory and processes of evolution, emphasizing the scientific approach to the study of evolutionary phenomena. Topics include the significance of character variation within and between species, basic evolutionary genetics, speciation, evolution in predator-prey systems, evolution of sex, behavioral systems, and human evolution. No more than four credits may be counted toward the major in biology. Taught at the University of St. Andrews in Scotland with final grade assigned by W&L biology faculty. Laboratory course.
- Ecology
- BIOL 217 - Aquatic Ecology
Credits 4 Prerequisite BIOL 111, 113, and a MATH course numbered 101 or greater This course provides a comprehensive introduction to the ecology of freshwater systems, with laboratory emphasis on streams and rivers in the local area. It includes a review of the physical and biological properties of freshwater ecosystems as well as current issues relating to their conservation. Laboratory activities focus around monitoring the impacts of current stream restoration efforts in local watersheds.
- BIOL 245 - Ecology
Credits 4 Prerequisite BIOL 111 and BIOL 113 An introduction to the study of interactions between organisms and their environments. Topics are arranged hierarchically: a) evolution and elementary population genetics; b) population dynamics and regulation; c) interspecific competition, predation, parasitism and symbiosis; d) community structure, energy and material flux in ecosystems. Laboratory is field oriented and investigative.
or
- BIOL 245S - Ecology at St Andrews
Credits 3 Prerequisite An average grade of at least 3.0 in BIOL 111 and 113, a 3.000 cumulative GPA, and permission of the Department of Biology Basic concepts in population and community ecology and how they relate to biodiversity. Fundamental ecological concepts covered include population regulation, intra- and inter-specific competition, species niches, taxonomic and functional diversity.
- Field biology: one course chosen from
- BIOL 229 - Observing Ireland's Coastal Biomes
FDR HA Credits 4 Prerequisite BIOL 111 or ARTS 111 or instructor consent Coastal regions offer a rich opportunity to experience a variety of biotic communities, from marine tidal communities to coastal plant and animal communities. In this course, students explore the biodiversity and ecology of these communities through readings, lectures, and traditional field observation/drawing. Observational drawing has a longstanding and important connection to studies of natural history and taxonomy and provides an ideal tool for understanding, appreciating and identifying the specific details of plants, animals, and their contextual environments. A place-based learning framework will provide insight into current environmental challenges and opportunities. Students spend Spring Term on the Atlantic (west) coast of Ireland, visiting coastal biomes and the biologically and historically unique Burren, a glacial karst landscape.
- BIOL 241 - Field Ornithology
FDR SL Lab Science Distribution Credits 4 Prerequisite BIOL 111 and BIOL 113 This course integrates studies of bird biology with field observation and identification of local bird species. Topics covered include anatomy, taxonomy, reproduction, vocalization, migration, ecology, and evolution. Field trips to a variety of areas throughout Virginia emphasize identification skills and basic field research techniques.
- BIOL 242 - Field Herpetology
Credits 4 Prerequisite BIOL 111 or ENV 110 Field Herpetology is a research-based course on the ecology and behavior of amphibians and reptiles. Research projects vary from year-to-year and are designed to give students plenty of time on the field and exposure to a diverse assortment of amphibian and reptile species. Students should be prepared for hiking off-trail, wading in swamps, and catching live animals.
and, when appropriate,
- BIOL 297 - Topics in Biology
Credits 3-4 Intermediate-level biology topics. Topics vary with instructor and term. Repeatable for credit if topics are different. Prerequisites vary with topic.
- Plant physiology or animal behavior
- BIOL 225 - Medicinal Plant Biology
Credits 4 Prerequisite BIOL 111 and BIOL 113 From Taxol to Vitamin C plants provide important medicinal products for humans. This course is an introduction to the study of plant form and function from the perspective of the utilization of plants by humans for medicinal purposes. Lectures cover plant cell biology, biochemistry, physiology, genetics, and interactions with the environment. The laboratory includes modern plant biology techniques ranging from molecular to organismal. Laboratory course.
- BIOL 243 - Animal Behavior
Credits 4 Prerequisite BIOL 111 and BIOL 113 An introduction to the scientific study of animal behavior, including exploration of the evolutionary basis of behavior and examination of how animals choose mates, defend territories, find food, and avoid predators. Field and laboratory exercises focus on testing hypotheses through experiments with a variety of animals, including fish, amphibians, birds, and humans. Laboratory course.
- Advanced level: one course chosen from
- BIOL 322 - Conservation Genetics
Credits 3 Prerequisite BIOL 220 A study of the central issues of population genetics and their application to species preservation and conservation. Topics include genetic surveys of rare or threatened species; population structure and dispersal; inferring population histories from genetic data; phylogenetics of threatened species' groups; hybridization between species; the use of genetic data in captive breeding programs and the prosecution of endangered species legislation; and the use of biotechnologies, such as cloning.
- BIOL 325 - Ecological Modeling and Conservation Strategies
Credits 4 Prerequisite BIOL 111, 113, and a MATH course numbered 101 or greater This course is an intensive introduction to foundational methods in ecological modeling and their application, with emphasis on the dynamics of exploited or threatened populations and developing strategies for effective conservation. Topics include managing harvested populations, population viability analysis, individual based models, and simulation modeling for systems analyses. Laboratory course.
- BIOL 330 - Experimental Botany: Global Climate Change
Credits 4 Prerequisite BIOL 111, 113, and either a Biology, Bioengineering, or Environmental Studies major Lectures focus on the major impacts of global climate change (elevated atmospheric carbon dioxide and elevated temperatures) on plant function (photosynthesis and respiration) and plant communities. Additional topics include global carbon budgets, plant carbon sequestration, and agricultural impacts. Participants review the pertinent primary literature and conduct a term-long laboratory research project. Laboratory course.
- BIOL 332 - Plant Functional Ecology
Credits 4 The emphasis and location of the study area differs from year to year. Information regarding the specific course topic and field trip schedule is made available in the fall. Through novel research projects in a variety of field settings (e.g., on-campus, Appalachian and Blue Ridge Mountains, The Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem), this field-based laboratory course covers topics which investigate the vital roles that plants play in shaping Earth's ecosystems. Topics focus on the responses of native plants to environmental stresses, such as global climate change (elevated temperature and carbon dioxide and drought), herbivory, and invasive species. Field and laboratory exercises focus on testing hypotheses through experiments using a variety of species from intact plant communities. A review of the pertinent literature is used to develop and conduct a term research project. Laboratory course. Additional course fee required, for which the student is responsible after Friday of the 7th week of winter term.
Molecular/Cell Biology minor
A minor in Molecular/Cell Biology requires completion of 7 courses as follows. A student may not complete a minor in biology with either a major in biology or a major in neuroscience. In meeting the requirements of this discipline-based minor, a student may not use more than nine credits that are also used to meet the requirements of another major or minor. Sample 200- and 300-level graded work must be collected into a portfolio for assessment upon completion of the course requirements before a minor will be approved by the department.
1. Required courses: BIOL 111, 113
2. Genetics: BIOL 220
3. Cell biology: BIOL 211S or 230
4. Intermediate level: two courses chosen from BIOL 212S, 223, 280, 285, and, when appropriate, 297
5. Advanced level: one course chosen from BIOL 323, 340, 365, 385
- Required courses
- BIOL 111 - Fundamentals of Biology
FDR SL Lab Science Distribution Credits 3 Prerequisite CHEM 110 and first year standing. Upper division students must request an eligibility override Corequisite BIOL 113 - Biology Laboratory An intensive investigation of scientific thought and communication applied to topics that vary among sections and terms. Specific subjects, chosen from within the scope of modern biological investigation according to the expertise of individual instructors, are examined in the context of major concepts such as evolution, regulation, growth, and metabolism. Suitable for First-Years interested in pursuing a major in biology, neuroscience or environmental studies or the pre-health curriculum. This course, and its companion laboratory (BIOL 113), are prerequisites for all higher level biology courses.
- BIOL 113 - Biology Laboratory
FDR SL Lab Science Distribution Credits 1 Prerequisite CHEM 110 and first year standing. Upper division students must request an eligibility override Corequisite BIOL 111 - Fundamentals of Biology A laboratory course to accompany BIOL 111. Students are trained in basic techniques of biological research by demonstrations and investigatory exercises, including data analysis and scientific communication. Limited seating available for sophomores, juniors, and seniors. All students should contact the Biology department, for consent as soon as the class schedule is available and before registration begins.
- Genetics
- BIOL 220 - Genetics
FDR SL Lab Science Distribution Credits 3 Prerequisite BIOL 111, 113, and either sophomore or junior class standing A study of the three main branches of modern genetics: 1) Mendelian genetics, the study of the transmission of traits from one generation to the next; 2) molecular genetics, a study of the chemical structure of genes and how they operate at the molecular level; and 3) population genetics, the study of the variation of genes between and within populations. This course is a prerequisite to most 300-level courses in biology.
- Cell biology
- BIOL 211S - Cell Biology at St. Andrews
Credits 3 Prerequisite instructor consent Lecture and lab work are intermingled in this course that introduces the structure and function of the cell and sub-cellular organelles. as well as prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. The diversity and development of different cell types within multicellular organisms is also discussed. Taught at the University of St. Andrews in Scotland with final grade assigned by W&L biology faculty.
or
- BIOL 230 - Cell Biology
Credits 3 Prerequisite BIOL 111, BIOL 113, and at least sophomore class standing This course will focus on understanding the components of a cell, the internal organization of a cell, how they move, how they function, how they respond to cues from their external environment, and the limits of our current knowledge. Lecture topics will include the internal organization of a cell, structure and function of DNA, RNA and proteins, membrane and cytoskeleton structure function, protein sorting, membrane transport, cell cycle and cell-cycle control, cell signaling and communication, and cell death.
- Intermediate level: two courses chosen from
- BIOL 212S - Molecular Biology at St. Andrews
Credits 3 Prerequisite instructor consent Molecular biology is an essential tool within modern biology, widely used in biochemistry, cell biology, physiology, ecology, and evolution. This course provides an introduction to modem molecular biology. Lecture and laboratory exercises are intermingled to provide an understanding of fundamental biological processes that are central to molecular biology. In addition, genomics and bioinformatics concepts and tools are introduced. Taught at the University of St. Andrews in Scotland with final grade assigned by W&L biology faculty.
- BIOL 223 - Virology
Credits 3 Prerequisite BIOL 211 or BIOL 220 A study of those obligate intracellular parasites known as viruses, that infect both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells, including viral structure, mode of infection and replication, regulation of viral life cycle. Discussions include viral diseases in humans.
- BIOL 280 - Neural Imaging
Credits 4 Prerequisite BIOL 220 This course examines how the architecture of specific types of neurons affect the neuron's ability to receive, process, and transmit synaptic information. In particular, the course examines how some of the important molecular growth and differentiation cues (e.g., growth factors) can transmit signals important for axon growth and survival of developing and mature neurons. Topics may include neurogenesis, axonal pathfinding, synaptogenesis, and regeneration. Students will conduct original research in the laboratory and acquire skills with various imaging techniques and analytical tools.
and, when appropriate,
- BIOL 297 - Topics in Biology
Credits 3-4 Intermediate-level biology topics. Topics vary with instructor and term. Repeatable for credit if topics are different. Prerequisites vary with topic.
- Advanced level: one course chosen from
- BIOL 340 - Evolution
Credits 3 Prerequisite BIOL 200-level course and either a Biology major or Bioengineering major An examination of the evidence for evolution and the mechanisms by which evolution occurs.
- BIOL 365 - Developmental Biology
Credits 4 Prerequisite BIOL 220 and at least junior class standing An examination of the goals, practices, and accomplishments of contemporary developmental biology. Topics include gametogenesis, fertilization, cleavage, gastrulation, organogenesis, genetic control of cell differentiation, transgenic procedures, cloning, embryo manipulation, and stem cells. Lectures, discussions of the developmental literature, and electronic media are utilized. Laboratory sessions focus on experimental manipulations of early invertebrate and vertebrate embryos and emphasize student-designed research projects. Laboratory course.
- BIOL 385 - Molecular Mechanics of Life
Credits 4 Prerequisite BIOL 220 How do we study complex networks of interactions between molecules in cells? How do we discover what roles different molecular machines play in the development and behavior of cells and animals? How can we identify the ways in which medical illness is caused by the misregulation of biological complexes because of a pathogenic infection or genetic disease? Our approach to answering these questions reflects the same interdisciplinary strategy being used at the forefront of current biomedical research. We consider the ways in which traditional approaches in biochemistry, genetics and cell biology can be merged with new systems-level approaches such as genomics and proteomics, to allow us to probe the underlying molecular mechanics of life. In the classroom, we examine different molecular networks, while readings include selections from the primary literature. The laboratory is based on an investigation of a novel research question, designed and addressed by student participants. Laboratory course.
Physiology minor
A minor in Physiology requires completion of 7 courses as follows. A student may not complete a minor in biology with either a major in biology or a major in neuroscience. In meeting the requirements of this discipline-based minor, a student may not use more than nine credits that are also used to meet the requirements of another major or minor. Sample 200- and 300-level graded work must be collected into a portfolio for assessment upon completion of the course requirements before a minor will be approved by the department.
1. Required courses: BIOL 111, 113
2. Genetics: BIOL 220
3. Cell biology: BIOL 211S or 230
4. Plant physiology or physiological modeling: BIOL 225 or 283
5. Intermediate level: one course chosen from BIOL 250, 255, 261S, 275, and, when appropriate 297
6. Advanced level: one course chosen from BIOL 355, 360, 362 and 397
- Required courses
- BIOL 111 - Fundamentals of Biology
FDR SL Lab Science Distribution Credits 3 Prerequisite CHEM 110 and first year standing. Upper division students must request an eligibility override Corequisite BIOL 113 - Biology Laboratory An intensive investigation of scientific thought and communication applied to topics that vary among sections and terms. Specific subjects, chosen from within the scope of modern biological investigation according to the expertise of individual instructors, are examined in the context of major concepts such as evolution, regulation, growth, and metabolism. Suitable for First-Years interested in pursuing a major in biology, neuroscience or environmental studies or the pre-health curriculum. This course, and its companion laboratory (BIOL 113), are prerequisites for all higher level biology courses.
- BIOL 113 - Biology Laboratory
FDR SL Lab Science Distribution Credits 1 Prerequisite CHEM 110 and first year standing. Upper division students must request an eligibility override Corequisite BIOL 111 - Fundamentals of Biology A laboratory course to accompany BIOL 111. Students are trained in basic techniques of biological research by demonstrations and investigatory exercises, including data analysis and scientific communication. Limited seating available for sophomores, juniors, and seniors. All students should contact the Biology department, for consent as soon as the class schedule is available and before registration begins.
- Genetics
- BIOL 220 - Genetics
FDR SL Lab Science Distribution Credits 3 Prerequisite BIOL 111, 113, and either sophomore or junior class standing A study of the three main branches of modern genetics: 1) Mendelian genetics, the study of the transmission of traits from one generation to the next; 2) molecular genetics, a study of the chemical structure of genes and how they operate at the molecular level; and 3) population genetics, the study of the variation of genes between and within populations. This course is a prerequisite to most 300-level courses in biology.
- Cell biology
- BIOL 211S - Cell Biology at St. Andrews
Credits 3 Prerequisite instructor consent Lecture and lab work are intermingled in this course that introduces the structure and function of the cell and sub-cellular organelles. as well as prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. The diversity and development of different cell types within multicellular organisms is also discussed. Taught at the University of St. Andrews in Scotland with final grade assigned by W&L biology faculty.
or
- BIOL 230 - Cell Biology
Credits 3 Prerequisite BIOL 111, BIOL 113, and at least sophomore class standing This course will focus on understanding the components of a cell, the internal organization of a cell, how they move, how they function, how they respond to cues from their external environment, and the limits of our current knowledge. Lecture topics will include the internal organization of a cell, structure and function of DNA, RNA and proteins, membrane and cytoskeleton structure function, protein sorting, membrane transport, cell cycle and cell-cycle control, cell signaling and communication, and cell death.
- Plant physiology or physiological modeling
- BIOL 225 - Medicinal Plant Biology
Credits 4 Prerequisite BIOL 111 and BIOL 113 From Taxol to Vitamin C plants provide important medicinal products for humans. This course is an introduction to the study of plant form and function from the perspective of the utilization of plants by humans for medicinal purposes. Lectures cover plant cell biology, biochemistry, physiology, genetics, and interactions with the environment. The laboratory includes modern plant biology techniques ranging from molecular to organismal. Laboratory course.
or
- BIOL 283 - Pregnancy: A KISS in Time?
Credits 4 Prerequisite BIOL 111 and BIOL 113 Kisspeptin (KISS) is a neuropeptide that controls reproductive maturation and function. Its adequate secretion is essential for correct reproductive function and successful pregnancy. Recent experimental studies have shown that KISS may act as a central integrator for other reproductive hormones and neuropeptides. For example, KISS stimulates release of the hormone prolactin (PRL), which helps to maintain pregnancy and prepare the body for lactation. In this class ,students determine the role that KISS plays in successful pregnancy using computational modeling. Students experience the world of computational modeling in neuroendocrinology by working in teams to investigate and extend an existing model for hormonal interaction between KISS and PRL in pregnancy in rats. The model will be used to generate experimentally tested predictions. No programming experience required; all necessary skills and training are provided as a set of tutorials.
- Intermediate level: one course chosen from
- BIOL 250 - Vertebrate Endocrinology
Credits 3 Prerequisite BIOL 111, BIOL 113, and either a Biology major, Neuroscience major, Integrated Engineering - Biology track major, Biochemistry major, or Chemistry major This course provides an introduction to the scientific study of the endocrine system, including exploration of chemoregulatory mechanisms in vertebrates and examination of biochemical, cellular, and physiological aspects of hormone action. In-class exercises focus on developing written and verbal scientific communication skills, as well as in-depth analysis of primary literature.
- BIOL 255 - Reproductive Physiology
Credits 3 Prerequisite BIOL 111 and BIOL 113 An examination of sex as a biological phenomenon with consideration of the genetic (chromosomal), embryological, endocrine, and neurological bases of sexual development, differentiation, and identity.
- BIOL 261S - Comparative Physiology at St. Andrews
Credits 3 Prerequisite instructor consent Students study organisms in order to explore the origins and nature of physiological diversity. The course covers the principles of physiological adaptation In a range of animals, including examples from all major taxa and from all habitats.
and, when appropriate,
- BIOL 297 - Topics in Biology
Credits 3-4 Intermediate-level biology topics. Topics vary with instructor and term. Repeatable for credit if topics are different. Prerequisites vary with topic.
- BIOL 275 - Food for Thought
Credits 3 Prerequisite BIOL 111 and BIOL 113 This course utilizes problem-based learning to investigate nutrition and metabolism, as well as to the neural and hormonal regulation of feeding behavior. Through the use of primary literature and service-learning experiences, students develop an understanding of the experimental tools used in basic and applied nutritional sciences research. Because nutrition directly relates to many health care and quality-of-life issues at the forefront of modern society, this course also examines popular literature on food-related topics.
- Advanced level: one course chosen from
- BIOL 355 - Microanatomy
Credits 4 Prerequisite BIOL 220 and either a Biology major, Integrated Engineering - Biology track major, or Neuroscience major A study of the normal microscopic structure of the mammalian body with emphasis placed on structural and functional correlations. Laboratory work includes the study of prepared tissue and the preparation of tissues for microscopy. Laboratory course.
- BIOL 360 - Experimental Neurophysiology
Credits 4 Prerequisite BIOL 220 An in-depth exploration of the theory and techniques of cellular neurophysiology. Labs utilize extracellular and intracellular recording techniques to explore motor neuron and sensory receptor firing properties and to examine the ionic basis for resting and action potentials and synaptic transmission. Laboratory course.
- BIOL 362 - Animal Physiology
Credits 4 Prerequisite BIOL 220 and at least junior class standing A comparative study of functional processes of animals, primarily vertebrates, and their environmental interactions. Laboratory emphasis is on functional adaptations and the use of physiological instrumentation in measuring functional processes. Laboratory course.
- BIOL 397 - Neuroendocrinology
Credits 3 Prerequisite BIOL 220 and at least junior class standing The study of the interaction between the nervous system and the endocrine system, with special reference to regulation and communication in the mammal. Topics may include neuroendocrine regulation of development, the role of the adrenal axis in stress, metabolic regulation of reproduction, or biological rhythms. May be repeated for degree credit if the topics are different.
Quantitative Biology minor
A minor in Quantitative Biology requires completion of 7 courses as follows. A student may not complete a minor in biology with either a major in biology or a major in neuroscience. In meeting the requirements of this discipline-based minor, a student may not use more than nine credits that are also used to meet the requirements of another major or minor. Sample 200- and 300-level graded work must be collected into a portfolio for assessment upon completion of the course requirements before a minor will be approved by the department.
1. Required courses: BIOL 111, 113
2. Genetics or cell biology: BIOL 211S, 220, or 230
3. Computer science: BIOL 185, BIOL 187, or CSCI 121
4. Intermediate level: two courses chosen from BIOL 212S, 267, 282, 283, 285, and, when appropriate, 297
5. Advanced level: one course chosen from BIOL 302, 325, 385
- Required courses
- BIOL 111 - Fundamentals of Biology
FDR SL Lab Science Distribution Credits 3 Prerequisite CHEM 110 and first year standing. Upper division students must request an eligibility override Corequisite BIOL 113 - Biology Laboratory An intensive investigation of scientific thought and communication applied to topics that vary among sections and terms. Specific subjects, chosen from within the scope of modern biological investigation according to the expertise of individual instructors, are examined in the context of major concepts such as evolution, regulation, growth, and metabolism. Suitable for First-Years interested in pursuing a major in biology, neuroscience or environmental studies or the pre-health curriculum. This course, and its companion laboratory (BIOL 113), are prerequisites for all higher level biology courses.
- BIOL 113 - Biology Laboratory
FDR SL Lab Science Distribution Credits 1 Prerequisite CHEM 110 and first year standing. Upper division students must request an eligibility override Corequisite BIOL 111 - Fundamentals of Biology A laboratory course to accompany BIOL 111. Students are trained in basic techniques of biological research by demonstrations and investigatory exercises, including data analysis and scientific communication. Limited seating available for sophomores, juniors, and seniors. All students should contact the Biology department, for consent as soon as the class schedule is available and before registration begins.
- Genetics or cell biology: one course chosen from
- BIOL 211S - Cell Biology at St. Andrews
Credits 3 Prerequisite instructor consent Lecture and lab work are intermingled in this course that introduces the structure and function of the cell and sub-cellular organelles. as well as prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. The diversity and development of different cell types within multicellular organisms is also discussed. Taught at the University of St. Andrews in Scotland with final grade assigned by W&L biology faculty.
- BIOL 220 - Genetics
FDR SL Lab Science Distribution Credits 3 Prerequisite BIOL 111, 113, and either sophomore or junior class standing A study of the three main branches of modern genetics: 1) Mendelian genetics, the study of the transmission of traits from one generation to the next; 2) molecular genetics, a study of the chemical structure of genes and how they operate at the molecular level; and 3) population genetics, the study of the variation of genes between and within populations. This course is a prerequisite to most 300-level courses in biology.
- BIOL 230 - Cell Biology
Credits 3 Prerequisite BIOL 111, BIOL 113, and at least sophomore class standing This course will focus on understanding the components of a cell, the internal organization of a cell, how they move, how they function, how they respond to cues from their external environment, and the limits of our current knowledge. Lecture topics will include the internal organization of a cell, structure and function of DNA, RNA and proteins, membrane and cytoskeleton structure function, protein sorting, membrane transport, cell cycle and cell-cycle control, cell signaling and communication, and cell death.
- Computer Science: one course chosen from
- BIOL 185 - Data Science: Visualizing and Exploring Big Data
Credits 3 We live in the era of big data. Major discoveries in science and medicine are being made by exploring large datasets in novel ways using computational tools. The challenge in the biomedical sciences is the same as in Silicon Valley: knowing what computational tools are right for a project and where to get started when exploring large data sets. In this course, students learn to use R, a popular open-source programming language and data analysis environment, to interactively explore data. Case studies are drawn from across the sciences and medicine. Topics include data visualization, machine learning, image analysis, geospatial analysis, and statistical inference on large data sets. We also emphasize best practices in coding, data handling, and adherence to the principles of reproducible research. No prior programming experience required. Fulfills the computer science requirement for biology and neuroscience majors.
- BIOL 187 - Introduction to Data Science in Python
Credits 4 Prerequisite BIOL 111, 113, and either a Biology major, Neuroscience major, or Data Science minor In this era of data science, major discoveries in science and medicine are being made by exploring datasets in novel ways using computational tools. The challenge in the biomedical sciences is the same as in Silicon Valley: knowing what computational tools are right for a project and where to get started when exploring large data sets. In this course, students learn to use Python, a popular open-source programming language and Jupyter Notebook data-analysis environment, to explore data interactively. Case studies are drawn from across the sciences and medicine. Topics include data visualization, physiological modeling, image analysis, and statistical inference on large data sets. We also emphasize best practices in coding, data handling, and adherence to the principles of reproducible research. No prior programming experience required.
- CSCI 121 - Scientific Computing
FDR FM Math and Computer Science Foundation Credits 4 An introduction to computer programming for scientific applications and a survey of the main methodological areas of scientific computation. The course provides the tools needed for students to use computers effectively in scientific work, whether in physics, chemistry, mathematics, economics, biology, psychology, or any field involving quantitative work. Programming in Matlab, a scientific-computing software package, with a focus on topics relevant to students' major fields of study. Lectures and formal labs. Not open to students who have successfully completed CSCI 211 or greater.
- Intermediate level: two courses chosen from
- BIOL 212S - Molecular Biology at St. Andrews
Credits 3 Prerequisite instructor consent Molecular biology is an essential tool within modern biology, widely used in biochemistry, cell biology, physiology, ecology, and evolution. This course provides an introduction to modem molecular biology. Lecture and laboratory exercises are intermingled to provide an understanding of fundamental biological processes that are central to molecular biology. In addition, genomics and bioinformatics concepts and tools are introduced. Taught at the University of St. Andrews in Scotland with final grade assigned by W&L biology faculty.
- BIOL 267 - Bioengineering and Bioinspired Design
FDR SC Science, Math, CS Distribution Credits 3 Prerequisite PHYS 112 Same as ENGN 267. Interdisciplinary study of the physical principles of animal navigation and sensory mechanisms. This course integrates biology, physics, engineering, and quantitative methods to study how an animal's physiology is optimized to perform a critical function, as well as how these biological systems inspire new technologies. Topics include: long-distance navigation; locomotion; optical, thermal, and auditory sensing; bioelectricity; biomaterials; and swarm synchronicity. Some examples of questions addressed are: How does a loggerhead turtle navigate during a 9,000 mile open-ocean swim to return to the beach where it was born? How does a blowfly hover and outmaneuver an F-16? How is the mantis shrimp eye guiding the next revolution in DVD technology? This course is intended for students interested in working on problems at the boundary of biology and physics/engineering, and is appropriate for those who have more experience in one field than the other. Lectures, reading and discussion of research literature, and hands-on investigation/field-work, where appropriate.
- BIOL 282 - Modeling and Simulations in Public Health
FDR SL Lab Science Distribution Credits 4 Prerequisite MATH 101 Where are infections spreading? How many people will be affected? What are some different ways to stop the spread of an epidemic? These are questions that all of us ask during an outbreak or emergency. In a process known as modeling, scientists analyze data using complex mathematical methods to provide answers to these and other questions during an emergency response. Models provide the foresight that can help decision-makers better prepare for the future. In this course you will learn how to develop a simple mathematical models using data. You will learn basic epidemiological concepts, computational data analysis tools and relevant mathematical techniques to integrate existing data into the model and generate relevant predictions. In an open-ended project, you and several of your classmates will develop a model and recommendation about potential public health threat. No prior programming experience required - you will learn to use Python, a popular open-source programming language and Jupyter Notebook data analysis environment, to interactively explore data. Laboratory course.
- BIOL 283 - Pregnancy: A KISS in Time?
Credits 4 Prerequisite BIOL 111 and BIOL 113 Kisspeptin (KISS) is a neuropeptide that controls reproductive maturation and function. Its adequate secretion is essential for correct reproductive function and successful pregnancy. Recent experimental studies have shown that KISS may act as a central integrator for other reproductive hormones and neuropeptides. For example, KISS stimulates release of the hormone prolactin (PRL), which helps to maintain pregnancy and prepare the body for lactation. In this class ,students determine the role that KISS plays in successful pregnancy using computational modeling. Students experience the world of computational modeling in neuroendocrinology by working in teams to investigate and extend an existing model for hormonal interaction between KISS and PRL in pregnancy in rats. The model will be used to generate experimentally tested predictions. No programming experience required; all necessary skills and training are provided as a set of tutorials.
and, when appropriate,
- BIOL 297 - Topics in Biology
Credits 3-4 Intermediate-level biology topics. Topics vary with instructor and term. Repeatable for credit if topics are different. Prerequisites vary with topic.
- Advanced level: one course chosen from
- BIOL 302 - Modern Computational Biostatistics
Credits 3 Prerequisite BIOL 201 or CBSC 250 or permission of instructor Traditional approaches for statistical inference are based on methods developed in the pre-computer era. In most scientific fields, these methods are being replaced by more flexible and powerful methods based on computation. In this class, we will use regression-based methods to build statistical models, compare multiple models, and test models with data. We will start with linear regression, then move to mixed (random effects) models, then to hierarchical Bayesian models. The last section of the course will be an independent project; this can be based on data that a student has already collected or developed as a new project using publicly available data in a field of interest.
- BIOL 325 - Ecological Modeling and Conservation Strategies
Credits 4 Prerequisite BIOL 111, 113, and a MATH course numbered 101 or greater This course is an intensive introduction to foundational methods in ecological modeling and their application, with emphasis on the dynamics of exploited or threatened populations and developing strategies for effective conservation. Topics include managing harvested populations, population viability analysis, individual based models, and simulation modeling for systems analyses. Laboratory course.
- BIOL 385 - Molecular Mechanics of Life
Credits 4 Prerequisite BIOL 220 How do we study complex networks of interactions between molecules in cells? How do we discover what roles different molecular machines play in the development and behavior of cells and animals? How can we identify the ways in which medical illness is caused by the misregulation of biological complexes because of a pathogenic infection or genetic disease? Our approach to answering these questions reflects the same interdisciplinary strategy being used at the forefront of current biomedical research. We consider the ways in which traditional approaches in biochemistry, genetics and cell biology can be merged with new systems-level approaches such as genomics and proteomics, to allow us to probe the underlying molecular mechanics of life. In the classroom, we examine different molecular networks, while readings include selections from the primary literature. The laboratory is based on an investigation of a novel research question, designed and addressed by student participants. Laboratory course.